Defense as a software business

For most of the postwar era, defense has been an industry apart. It operated on different procurement timelines, with different incumbents, on different cost structures and with different innovation cycles than the rest of the technology economy. The major defense primes, including Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, BAE Systems, Thales and Saab, built complex hardware platforms … Read more

When AI meets the physical world

For most of the past decade, the most consequential advances in artificial intelligence have happened in software. Language models, recommendation engines, image classifiers, predictive analytics: the defining products of the AI era have been things you interact with on a screen. The physical world, by contrast, has remained largely resistant to the same transformation. Robots … Read more

The case for small: why specialized language models will define the next phase of enterprise AI

For most of the past three years, the conversation about enterprise AI has been dominated by a single assumption: Bigger is better. Each successive generation of frontier models has been larger than the last, more expensive to train, more capable across a wider range of tasks and more central to the strategic positioning of the … Read more

From building software to building learning systems

For most of the history of software engineering, we’ve operated under a deceptively simple model. Engineers specify behavior. Systems execute it. When the behavior is wrong, engineers fix it. When requirements change, engineers rewrite it. Between releases, the system is inert. It doesn’t learn from what it observes in production. It doesn’t adapt to how … Read more