One of the standing open questions in software engineering is the notion of efficiency. How do we measure the efficiency of an individual, team or R&D organization? Although there are some metrics such as DORA out there, I don't think these provide an answer to the question of how well an organization converts requirements into implemented and tested functionality. As we haven’t solved the question for decades now, perhaps it’s the wrong question to ask. Maybe it’s not about efficiency in software R&D, but instead about effectiveness? One way to think about effectiveness is the amount of revenue generated due to an investment of R&D resources. It’s not always easy to establish this, but at least it is an easier problem than reasoning about efficiency. So, if you think you are efficient, how do you know?